市場原理によってモノの価値が決まる 3. In 1959 Hawaii would become the 50th state. Scarcely less important than machinery in the agricultural revolution was science. Roosevelt hoped the settlement would provide open-door opportunities for American business, but the former enemies and other imperial powers succeeded in shutting the Americans out. 筆者がこれまで調査してきたアメリカ西海岸地域の 4 つの日本人街に適用して検証し，モデルの有効性 と限界を確認するともに，個々の事例が示すモデル からのずれが生ずる要因を考察することを試みた。 ii. The war with Spain revived U.S. interest in building a canal across the isthmus of Panama, uniting the two great oceans. はじめてでも使いやすい商品が多く、楽天ポイントをゲットできるサービスも。 That view was seconded by a powerful naval lobby, which called for an expanded fleet and network of overseas ports as essential to the economic and political security of the nation. He headed west to the young prairie town of Chicago, where he set up a factory – and by 1860 sold a quarter of a million reapers. The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut a fifth of a hectare of wheat a day. The same law also made the island officially a U.S. territory and gave its people American citizenship. Feeding as they went, the cattle arrived at railway shipping points in Kansas, larger and fatter than when they started. In 1934 U.S. policy was reversed yet again by the Indian Reorganization Act, which attempted to protect tribal and communal life on the reservations. 斯波 照雄／中央大学商学部教授 専門分野 都市史、西洋史、商業史. Ten years later, he built the nation’s largest steel mill on the Monongahela River in Pennsylvania. Other farm machines were developed in rapid succession: the automatic wire binder, the threshing machine, and the reaper-thresher or combine. No single city had as many as a million inhabitants in 1860; but 30 years later New York had a million and a half; Chicago, Illinois, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, each had over a million. Cattle ranchers, taking advantage of the enormous grasslands, had laid claim to the huge expanse stretching from Texas to the upper Missouri River. The last decades of the 19th century were a period of imperial expansion for the United States. アメリカ南北戦争の原因や歴史についてわかりやすく解説していきます。有名なリンカーンの奴隷解放宣言なども行われた、アメリカの転換点となった重要な出来事の一つです。アメリカ南北戦争は、現在の多民族国家アメリカとしての姿を形成する上で、重要な起点 U.S. involvement in the Pacific area was not limited to the Philippines. His business, allied with a dozen others, commanded favorable terms from railroads and shipping lines. The peace treaty signed on December 10, 1898, transferred Cuba to the United States for temporary occupation preliminary to the island’s independence. ポイント投資をはじめれば、楽天市場でのお買い物にポイントが＋1倍になります。, 経済の拡大には、人口の増加と労働生産性の上昇が必要です。アメリカ経済の成長を考えるとき、まず気になるのは、将来の人口がどう推移するのかという点。アメリカの人口は、2019年の推計で3億2,906万人でした。2019年に国連が公表した世界人口予測では、2050年におけるアメリカの人口を3億7,942万人と推計しており、2019年度から増加の見込みとなっています。ちなみに2100年では、4億3,385万人となる予測。こうした人口の増加は、アメリカ経済の成長に寄与するでしょう。, ちなみに同じ推計によると、2050年における日本の人口は1億580万人。減少の見込みとなっています。経済成長を維持するには、労働生産性を上げるとともに、女性や高齢者など労働に参加する人を増やすことが必要とされています。, 労働生産性の面から注目したいのは、GAFAの存在。GAFAは、Google・Amazon・Facebook・Appleという4つの企業を指す言葉です。アメリカではこのような巨大IT企業が成長し、経済をけん引してきました。これからもIT分野での技術進歩が進んでいけば、経済成長にとってプラスになるでしょう。また自動車などの製造業に代わってIT産業が登場したように、将来的にはさらに新しい産業が登場し、経済を引っ張っていく可能性もあります。, 長期的に人口増加が予測されているアメリカですが、実は出生率は低下しています。合計特殊出生率は、ひとりの女性が出産可能な期間に産む子どもの数を平均したもの。人口の維持には2.08という数字が必要とされています。2016年におけるアメリカの数字を見てみると、出生率は1.82でした。1.44だった日本よりは高いものの、人口の維持に必要な数字には達していません。アメリカの人口増には、別の要因があるということです。, アメリカでは毎年100万人前後の移民を受け入れています。これまでにアメリカに流入した移民の合計は、5,000万人を超えました。こうした移民の存在が、アメリカの人口を増加させているのです。「人種のサラダボウル」と呼ばれる、多民族の社会を形成しています。ただし不法移民の取り締まりを厳しくするなど、移民政策によってこの数が減っていく可能性もあるでしょう。, 世界4位という広大な面積を持つアメリカ。人口の分布はどうなっているのでしょうか。現在ある50州の中から、人口が多い州と少ない州をいくつかピックアップしてみます。, 2019年7月のデータで見ると、アメリカで最も人口が多いのはカリフォルニア州で、3,951万人でした。西海岸に位置する州で、人口399万人のロサンゼルスがあります。2位となるのがテキサス州。アメリカの南部で、メキシコとの国境に接しています。テキサス州の人口は2,900万人、最大都市となるヒューストンの人口は233万人です。3位は、2,148万人が暮らすフロリダ州。南東部のフロリダ半島にあります。そして人口1,945万人のニューヨーク州が4位。アメリカ北東部に位置し、最大都市のニューヨークには840万人が住んでいます。, 一方、アメリカで最も人口が少ないのは、ワイオミング州。アメリカ西部の山地にあり、イエローストーン国立公園という観光地がよく知られていますが、人口は58万人です。49位となったのは、人口62万人のバーモント州。ニューヨーク州の東にあります。48位はアラスカ州。北アメリカ大陸の北西にある飛び地です。人口は73万人。面積が広いため、人口密度は全米で最も低くなっています。47位は人口76万人のノースダコタ州。アメリカ中西部に位置し、カナダに接している州です。, アメリカでは移民が人口を増やす要因となっていました。多様な移民は、「サラダボウル」と呼ばれる多民族国家を形成しています。人種や民族の違いがあまり目立たない日本と比較すると、文化的に違った面があるようです。, アメリカの国民性としてよく挙げられるのが、自己主張の強さ。自分の意見を明確にします。空気を読んで周りに合わせようとする日本の国民性とは、対照的と言えるでしょう。経済の成長においては、技術の進歩も重要です。技術の進歩には、自由に意見を主張できる風土が必要だと考えられます。見習うべき点かもしれません。, ここまで見てきたように、出生率が低下するなか、移民によって人口増加を維持しているアメリカ。技術の進歩も期待でき、アメリカ経済はこれからも拡大しそうです。アメリカ株への投資を検討しているなら、楽天証券の投資情報メディア「トウシル」も参考になります。米国株の選び方を特集したページもあるので、一度チェックしてみるとよいでしょう。, 証券会社でリテール営業を経験し、AFP資格を取得。 Many Americans, including influential figures such as Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Elihu Root, felt that to safeguard its own interests, the United States had to stake out spheres of economic influence as well. President Cleveland also opposed the protective tariff on foreign goods, which had come to be accepted as permanent national policy under the Republican presidents who dominated the politics of the era. He would be persuaded to merge his holdings into a new corporation that would embrace most of the important iron and steel properties in the nation. It created an Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee the act, but gave it little enforcement power. Once the rebellion was quelled, Hay protected China from crushing indemnities. But the American farmer grew enough grain and cotton, raised enough beef and pork, and clipped enough wool not only to supply American workers and their families but also to create ever-increasing surpluses. ２つの大戦争、すなわち南北戦争と第１次世界大戦との間に、アメリカ合衆国は成熟期に達した。5 50年にも及ばない期間に、米国は、農業を基盤とする共和国から、都市を中心とする国家に変容した。… Moreover, to avoid competition rival companies sometimes divided (“pooled”) the freight business according to a prearranged scheme that placed the total earnings in a common fund for distribution. It left the United States exercising control or influence over islands in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific. Then, running north and south for nearly 1,600 kilometers, loomed huge mountain ranges, many rich in silver, gold, and other metals. The Philippines and Guam complemented other Pacific bases – Wake Island, Midway, and American Samoa. Corporations, making available a deep reservoir of capital and giving business enterprises permanent life and continuity of control, attracted investors both by their anticipated profits and by their limited liability in case of business failure. まさに、アメリカが移民の国と呼ばれるわけですね。 1869年には、東西を結ぶアメリカ大陸横断鉄道が開設されて、ヒト・モノの移動速度は大幅に上がり、経済もますます発展し、アメリカ各地で大都市が出現しました。 1867年 ロシアからアラスカ買収 The completion of the Panama Canal in 1914, directed by Colonel George W. Goethals, was a major triumph of engineering. Despite gains for Japan, moreover, U.S. relations with the proud and newly assertive island nation would be intermittently difficult through the early decades of the 20th century. アメリカは、独立直後から領土を広げ、19世紀半ばには太平洋沿岸にまで達しました。. In the same period, the nation’s population more than doubled, with the largest growth in the cities. The reality of cowboy life was one of grueling hardship. Ranchers were ousted from lands they had roamed without legal title. 第3節 アメリカの自動車産業の発展過程. The annual cattle drive became a regular event; for hundreds of kilometers, trails were dotted with herds moving northward. Nonetheless the Native-American insurgency was soon suppressed. エスニック・タウン生成・発展の一般的様式 Hay promptly announced to the European powers and Japan that the United States would oppose any disturbance of Chinese territorial or administrative rights and restated the Open Door policy. The trend toward amalgamation extended to other fields, particularly transportation and communications. The frontier vanished. Newspapers dispatched correspondents to Cuba and the Philippines, who trumpeted the renown of the nation’s new heroes. The United States Steel Corporation, which resulted from this merger in 1901, illustrated a process under way for 30 years: the combination of independent industrial enterprises into federated or centralized companies. Exercising its role as the most powerful – and most liberal – of Western Hemisphere nations, the United States also worked to establish an institutional basis for cooperation among the nations of the Americas. In 1862 the Morrill Land Grant College Act allotted public land to each state for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. The Sherman Antitrust Act, passed in 1890, forbade all combinations in restraint of interstate trade and provided several methods of enforcement with severe penalties. From Boston to San Francisco, whistles blew and flags waved when word came that Santiago had fallen. With the cradle, 30 years later, he might cut four-fifths. アメリカ、パームビーチのまるまる貸切 в городе- Америка, Флорида-Палм Бич 3 спальни. In June, insurgents seized Beijing and attacked the foreign legations there. More generally, the doctrine of “manifest destiny,” first used to justify America’s continental expansion, was now revived to assert that the United States had a right and duty to extend its influence and civilization in the Western Hemisphere and the Caribbean, as well as across the Pacific. 資本家と労働者という2つの階級が存在する 2. まず、アメリカ独立直後の大陸の領土状況についておさらいしておきましょう。 18世紀のイギリスとフランスの大戦争の結果、1763年のパリ条約によってカナダとミシシッピ川以東のルイジアナはイギリス領に、ミシシッピ川以西のルイジアナはスペイン領になりました。 この時点でフランスは、アメリ … 経済が拡大するには、人口の増加と労働生産性の上昇が重要です。アメリカの出生率は低下していますが、移民により長期的な人口増加が見込まれます。gafaによるit技術の進展とともに、アメリカ経済拡大の要因となるでしょう。 Cities grew so quickly they could not properly house or govern their growing populations. In a period of less than 50 years it was transformed from a rural republic to an urban nation. Catching the entire Spanish fleet at anchor in Manila Bay, he destroyed it without losing an American life. （28）アメリカ合衆国の発展 ～西部開拓と工業化～ 19世紀のアメリカ合衆国は太平洋岸へと次々に領土を拡大、西部開拓を進めました。 しかしその過程で先住民は圧迫され、また奴隷制をめぐる対立から南北戦争という内戦が起こります。 Moreover, its assault on the communal organization of tribes caused further disruption of traditional culture. Nothing comparable in industrial growth had ever been seen in America before. In 1890, the Harrison administration, fulfilling its campaign promises, achieved passage of the McKinley tariff, which increased the already high rates. Ranching and the cattle drives gave American mythology its last icon of frontier culture – the cowboy. The United States had pressured the French into removing troops from Mexico in 1867. To their west, plains and deserts stretched to the wooded coastal ranges and the Pacific Ocean. In this new industrial order, the city was the nerve center, bringing to a focus all the nation’s dynamic economic forces: vast accumulations of capital, business, and financial institutions, spreading railroad yards, smoky factories, armies of manual and clerical workers. As depicted by writers like Zane Grey and such movie actors as John Wayne, the cowboy was a powerful mythological figure, a bold, virtuous man of action. The president could at least content himself with the award of the Nobel Peace Prize (1906). In 1887 President Grover Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act, which forbade excessive charges, pools, rebates, and rate discrimination. However, Japan and various European nations had acquired established spheres of influence there in the form of naval bases, leased territories, monopolistic trade rights, and exclusive concessions for investing in railway construction and mining. In particular, Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy of the 1930s, while not ending all tensions between the United States and Latin America, helped dissipate much of the ill-will engendered by earlier U.S. intervention and unilateral actions. A mere quarter-century later, virtually all this country had been carved into states and territories. By then, not far behind the rancher creaked the covered wagons of the farmers bringing their families, their draft horses, cows, and pigs. Mechanical planters, cutters, huskers, and shellers appeared, as did cream separators, manure spreaders, potato planters, hay driers, poultry incubators, and a hundred other inventions. When the Colombian legislature in 1903 refused to ratify a treaty giving the United States the right to build and manage a canal, a group of impatient Panamanians, with the support of U.S. Marines, rose in rebellion and declared Panamanian independence. アメリカで暮らす人に多い傾向にある肥満問題は、健康不安とともに大きな社会問題に発展しています。単なる肥満に加え、病的肥満と呼ばれる人口も増えており、それにともなう疾患も増えています。アメリカでの食生活の何がいけないのでしょうか？ Sheep herders had found their way to the valleys and mountain slopes. Carnegie, who came to America from Scotland as a child of 12, progressed from bobbin boy in a cotton factory to a job in a telegraph office, then to one on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Long before this, however, the way of life of the Plains Indians had been destroyed by an expanding white population, the coming of the railroads, and the slaughter of the buffalo, almost exterminated in the decade after 1870 by the settlers’ indiscriminate hunting. The Standard Oil Company, founded by John D. Rockefeller, was one of the earliest and strongest corporations, and was followed rapidly by other combinations – in cottonseed oil, lead, sugar, tobacco, and rubber. アメリカは何故今世界一の国になったのか、その原因が知りたいです。・私の推測では、建国してからまだ歴史が浅く、古い体制にとらわれず、政策がとれる点。・様々な人種が存在するので、それぞれが納得できる合理的で、効率的な制度が Western Union, dominant in telegraphy, was followed by the Bell Telephone System and eventually by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. The Army was supposed to keep miners off Sioux hunting grounds, but did little to protect the Sioux lands. 2 アジアniesの経済発展と人口要因 りの脚光を浴びた。第4世代の工業化の始まりである。それにもかかわらず，ラテン・アメリカ nicsは，ユ960年代にスタートを切った韓国，台湾，香港およびシンガポール … It had limited success. In 1840 Cyrus McCormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and-a-half hectares a day with the reaper, a machine he had been developing for nearly 10 years. By 1895 Cuba’s growing restiveness had become a guerrilla war of independence. The United States’ first venture beyond its continental borders was the purchase of Alaska – sparsely populated by Inuit and other native peoples – from Russia in 1867. Further curtailment of the right to vote followed. む第二段階への発展過程を技術面を中心に詳しくみる。3章で、アメリカ における同様の発展過程を明らかにする。最後に4章で、両国にそのよう な発展をもたらした要因を市場、資源、制度面に分けてまとめる｡ 1 1870―1913年における工業化第二段階への発展 ここからは、現在まで日本経済を動かしている「資本主義」とは、どのようなしくみなのかを紹介してきます。 資本主義は以下のような特徴をもつしくみです。 1. Most Americans were sympathetic with the Cubans, but President Cleveland was determined to preserve neutrality. Reflecting the interests of their Southern base, the Democrats had reverted to their pre-Civil War opposition to protection and advocacy of a “tariff for revenue only.”. Popular resentment at these practices stimulated state efforts at regulation, but the problem was national in character. During the four months it lasted, not a single American reverse of any importance occurred. Apart from the settled districts in California and scattered outposts, the vast inland region was populated by Native Americans: among them the Great Plains tribes – Sioux and Blackfoot, Pawnee and Cheyenne – and the Indian cultures of the Southwest, including Apache, Navajo, and Hopi. “The Civil War,” says one writer, “cut a wide gash through the history of the country; it dramatized in a stroke the changes that had begun to take place during the preceding 20 or 30 years. Thus it cost less to ship goods 1,280 kilometers from Chicago to New York than to places a few hundred kilometers from Chicago. 日本の人口は、2020年5月1日時点では概算値で1億2,590万人。出生率の低下と人口の減少が問題になっています。一方アメリカの人口は、2019年の推計で3億2,906万人。日本と同じく出生率は低下していますが、人口は増加しています。少し不思議に感じるかもしれませんが、人口の増加や減少は将来の経済成長にも関係があります。日本やアメリカの株式に投資したいと考えている場合など、その動向に興味を持っている方も多いでしょう。ここではアメリカの人口と、経済成長の動向について解説していきたいと思います。, 人口と経済成長の関係を見る前に、経済成長についておさらいしておきましょう。経済成長というのは、文字通り経済の規模が拡大していくことです。そして経済の規模を測る指標としては、国内総生産（GDP）が主に使われます。GDPとは、国内に居住する人が、生産活動を通して生み出した付加価値の総額。ある国に住む人が、仕事などを通じて財やサービスを生産し、市場で売買されることで増加していくものです。, そこで問題となるのが、経済成長の要因。経済が成長するために必要なものとしては、下記の3つが挙げられます。, 人口と関係があるのは、「労働力の増加」。人口が増えると働く人も増え、経済の成長につながると言えるでしょう。アメリカの人口が増えていけば、経済成長にプラスの影響があります。, また「資本ストックの蓄積」というのは、工場の建設や機械の導入が進むことです。この「資本ストックの蓄積」と「技術進歩」は、「一人当たりの実質 GDP（労働生産性）」に影響を与えます。人口が増え、それに加え労働生産性も上がれば、より力強い経済成長が望めるでしょう。もし人口が減ったとした場合労働生産性の上昇でカバーできれば、経済成長を維持できるという見方もできます。, 楽天証券は低コストではじめられる、続けられる資産運用のサポートが特徴。 U.S. colonial policy tended toward democratic self-government. When Alaska became the 49th state in 1959, it replaced Texas as geographically the largest state in the Union. He made the issue the keynote of his campaign for reelection, but Republican candidate Benjamin Harrison, a defender of protectionism, won in a close race. In 1873 the Supreme Court found that the 14th Amendment (citizenship rights not to be abridged) conferred no new privileges or immunities to protect African Americans from state power. During this period, public antipathy toward the trusts increased. Before he was 30 years old he had made shrewd and farsighted investments, which by 1865 were concentrated in iron. アメリカが大きく経済を発展させ、2位の中国と2倍以上の差をつけ、世界超大国を確立します。 ドイツが世界第3位の大国に成長していることもわかります。 【1928年】 1位 アメリカ：132兆円 2位 中国：51 兆円 9位 日本：17兆円 . When the government of Queen Liliuokalani announced its intention to end foreign influence in 1893, American businessmen joined with influential Hawaiians to depose her. Elsewhere in Latin America, the United States fell into a pattern of fitful intervention. With the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, the Chinese struck out against foreigners. Great factories and steel mills, transcontinental railroad lines, flourishing cities, and vast agricultural holdings marked the land. Within a few years, he had organized or had stock in companies making iron bridges, rails, and locomotives. In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell exhibited a telephone instrument; within half a century, 16 million telephones would quicken the social and economic life of the nation. Trusts made possible large-scale combinations, centralized control and administration, and the pooling of patents. Between two great wars – the Civil War and the First World War – the United States of America came of age. The first great rush of population to the Far West was drawn to the mountainous regions, where gold was found in California in 1848, in Colorado and Nevada 10 years later, in Montana and Wyoming in the 1860s, and in the Black Hills of the Dakota country in the 1870s. Moreover, the price of this drive for industrialization was high: Disease and child labor proliferated in Southern mill towns. There he found and exported to his homeland the rust- and drought-resistant winter wheat that now accounts for more than half the U.S. wheat crop. But a decade later, President Theodore Roosevelt would use it vigorously. Shippers demanded congressional action. 豊かな天然資源の存在. The whole country was stirred as the two lines steadily approached each other, finally meeting on May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point in Utah. The cattle boom peaked in the mid-1880s. Several Supreme Court decisions also bolstered their efforts by upholding traditional Southern views of the appropriate balance between national and state power. The iron industry moved westward as geologists discovered new ore deposits, notably the great Mesabi range at the head of Lake Superior, which became one of the largest producers in the world. アメリカ最初の新聞発行は1704年、ボストンで創刊された「ニュースレター」であるが、世紀半ばには20紙を超えている。 当時のアメリカで最も発展著しい都市はボルティモアである。1752年には家が25軒に住人は200人。 Idealism in American foreign policy existed alongside the desire to compete with Europe’s imperial powers in the Far East. Spain soon sued for an end to the war. 現在ライターとして、パーソナルファイナンスに関する情報の発信を手がけています。 He acquired control not only of new mills, but also of coke and coal properties, iron ore from Lake Superior, a fleet of steamers on the Great Lakes, a port town on Lake Erie, and a connecting railroad. Newly established in the Philippines and firmly entrenched in Hawaii at the turn of the century, the United States had high hopes for a vigorous trade with China. Concurrently, the nation’s basic industry – iron and steel – forged ahead, protected by a high tariff. With this economic growth and affluence came corresponding problems. In the 1860s, Cornelius Vanderbilt had consolidated 13 separate railroads into a single 800-kilometer line connecting New York City and Buffalo. But the Sioux of the Northern Plains and the Apache of the Southwest provided the most significant opposition to frontier advance. Others, led by the African-American intellectual W.E.B. Settlement was spurred by the Homestead Act of 1862, which granted free farms of 64 hectares to citizens who would occupy and improve the land. The Maine was probably destroyed by an accidental internal explosion, but most Americans believed the Spanish were responsible. 西部に広大なフロンティアが存在した（ターナー説）. In 1865 the frontier line generally followed the western limits of the states bordering the Mississippi River, but bulged outward beyond the eastern sections of Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska. In 1862 Congress also voted a charter to the Union Pacific Railroad, which pushed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa, using mostly the labor of ex-soldiers and Irish immigrants. Historians and filmmakers alike began to depict “the Wild West” as a sordid place, peopled by characters more apt to reflect the worst, rather than the best, in human nature. In fact, the United States found itself in a colonial role. When ordered to take action against bands of Sioux hunting on the range according to their treaty rights, however, it moved quickly and vigorously. In 1883, furthermore, it ruled that the 14th Amendment did not prevent individuals, as opposed to states, from practicing discrimination. Seventy-five years later, Panama and the United States negotiated a new treaty. In September 1899, Secretary of State John Hay advocated an “Open Door” for all nations in China – that is, equality of trading opportunities (including equal tariffs, harbor duties, and railway rates) in the areas Europeans controlled. By the 1890s, Cuba and Puerto Rico were the only remnants of Spain’s once vast empire in the New World, and the Philippine Islands comprised the core of Spanish power in the Pacific. アメリカ経済史 †. Congress subsequently appropriated funds for the creation of agricultural experiment stations throughout the country and granted funds directly to the Department of Agriculture for research purposes. After 1865, however, American investors began to develop the islands’ resources – chiefly sugar cane and pineapples. it革命がもたらす社会－アメリカ経済をモデルとして－ 苧野佐弥香 はじめに 21 世紀の経済・産業を活性化するかぎとしてのit(1)が注目されている。ただ、注意しな ければならないのは、it は単に経済・産業の活性化の一要因ではない。it は、経済や社会 Thirty years after the Civil War, the South was still poor, overwhelmingly agrarian, and economically dependent. At the same time, the Central Pacific Railroad began to build eastward from Sacramento, California, relying heavily on Chinese immigrant labor. アメリカ=メキシコ戦争に発展しました。 1846年から1848年まで行われたアメリカ=メキシコ戦争でアメリカが大勝。 メキシコにテキサスだけではなく、カリフォルニアなどを含む広大な地域を割譲させました 。 Soon aggressive individual businessmen began to mark out industrial domains for themselves. Rebellions and attacks continued through the Civil War. Half a century later, however, as part of an ill-starred campaign to influence the Mexican revolution and stop raids into American territory, President Woodrow Wilson sent 11,000 troops into the northern part of the country in a futile effort to capture the elusive rebel and outlaw Francisco “Pancho” Villa. Custer and his men were completely annihilated. Three years later, however, during the administration of William McKinley, the U.S. warship Maine, sent to Havana on a “courtesy visit” designed to remind the Spanish of American concern over the rough handling of the insurrection, blew up in the harbor. Colombia later received $25 million as partial compensation. 今ではアメリカに次いでgdpが高い国として知られている中華人民共和国。この国は元々社会主義というあまり経済発展が望めない国としても知られていました。 しかし、とある政治家が社会主義経済を大きく転換させたことで中国は大きく発展を遂げることになるのです。 The breakaway country was immediately recognized by President Theodore Roosevelt. Faced with pervasive discrimination, many African Americans followed Booker T. Washington, who counseled them to focus on modest economic goals and to accept temporary social discrimination. 比較都市史の視点からまちの発展条件を考える . it革命がもたらす社会－アメリカ経済をモデルとして－ 苧野佐弥香 はじめに 21 世紀の経済・産業を活性化するかぎとしてのit(1)が注目されている。ただ、注意しな ければならないのは、it は単に経済・産業の活性化の一要因ではない。it は、経済や社会 Cyrus McCormick achieved preeminence in the reaper business. Here as elsewhere, the United States was unwilling to deploy military force in the service of economic imperialism. Miners opened up the country, established communities, and laid the foundations for more permanent settlements. Some Americans began to protest the government’s treatment of Native Americans. Many tribes of Native Americans – from the Utes of the Great Basin to the Nez Perces of Idaho – fought the whites at one time or another. 2 ванны + 3 туалета. Between 1900 and 1920, the United States carried out sustained interventions in six Western Hemispheric nations – most notably Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua. In the first decades of its existence, virtually all the ICC’s efforts at regulation and rate reductions failed to pass judicial review. Yet in 1900 the region’s percentage of the nation’s industrial base remained about what it had been in 1860. But with both major parties uninterested in the issue and scientific theory of the time generally accepting black inferiority, demands for racial justice attracted little support. 建国当初から資本主義的環境で国が発達した（ジェファーソンやフランクリンにみられる精神）. In 1876 the last serious Sioux war erupted, when the Dakota gold rush penetrated the Black Hills. Farmers sank their plows into the plains and closed the gap between the East and West. The outbreak of war had three principal sources: popular hostility to autocratic Spanish rule in Cuba; U.S. sympathy with the Cuban fight for independence; and a new spirit of national assertiveness, stimulated in part by a nationalistic and sensationalist press. This policy, however well-intentioned, proved disastrous, since it allowed more plundering of Native-American lands. しかし、奴隷制をめぐり南北が対立、南北戦争が起きます。. In addition, Spain ceded Puerto Rico and Guam in lieu of war indemnity, and the Philippines for a U.S. payment of $20 million. Between 1860 and 1890, the production of such basic commodities as wheat, corn, and cotton outstripped all previous figures in the United States. A few years later, President Theodore Roosevelt mediated the deadlocked Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, in many respects a struggle for power and influence in the northern Chinese province of Manchuria. In 1887 the Dawes (General Allotment) Act reversed U.S. Native-American policy, permitting the president to divide up tribal land and parcel out 65 hectares of land to each head of a family. After Reconstruction, Southern leaders pushed hard to attract industry. Railroads were especially important to the expanding nation, and their practices were often criticized. アメリカ経済の戦後の「持続的成長」は、世界経済に対するアメリカ経済の編成力の重要な柱でした。そうした「持続的成長」のために、同時に、政府の機能がマクロ経済的な総需要の安定化と持続的な拡大を維持する重要な役割を担いました。 Started during the Civil War, the trend gathered momentum after the 1870s, as businessmen began to fear that overproduction would lead to declining prices and falling profits. States offered large inducements and cheap labor to investors to develop the steel, lumber, tobacco, and textile industries. The revolution in agriculture – paralleling that in manufacturing after the Civil War – involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from subsistence to commercial agriculture. Cattle-raising, long an important industry in Texas, flourished after the Civil War, when enterprising men began to drive their Texas longhorn cattle north across the open public land. It maintained formal administrative control in Puerto Rico and Guam, gave Cuba only nominal independence, and harshly suppressed an armed independence movement in the Philippines. Moreover, any area of life that was not segregated by law was segregated by custom and practice. Such allotments were to be held in trust by the government for 25 years, after which time the owner won full title and citizenship. 要因を調査・考察する。 3 発表・討論・ 活動 調査・考察した内容を 発表し、認識を深めあう。 4 ブラジルの 経済発展 ブラジル経済の50年を 比較し、経済発展の要因 を考察する。 5 地域のあゆ み・文化 南アメリカ諸国の歴史 や文化を調査・考察する。 6 Lands not thus distributed, however, were offered for sale to settlers. 地中海からの移民が多過ぎたのさ. The “corporation” and the “trust” were developed to achieve these ends. Periodic lynchings by mobs underscored the region’s determination to subjugate its African-American population.
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